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The blue duiker Philantomba monticola is a small antelope found in central, southern and eastern Africa. It is the smallest duiker, dissertation on fresh fruits. The species was first described by Swedish naturalist Carl Peter Thunberg in The blue duiker reaches 32—41 centimetres 13—16 in at the shoulder and weighs 3. Sexually dimorphicthe females are slightly larger than the males. The dark tail measures slightly above 10 centimetres 3.
It has short, spiky horns, around 5 centimetres 2. The subspecies show a great degree of variation in their colouration. The blue duiker bears a significant resemblance to Maxwell's duiker.
Activity is diurnal limited to daytime. Secretive and cautious, the blue duiker confines itself to the forest fringes. Territorialindividuals of opposite sexes form pairs and occupy territories, nearly 0. The blue duiker feeds on fallen fruits, foliage, flowers and pieces of bark, provided mainly by the forest canopies in their habitat. The age when sexual maturity is gained has been given differently by different studies.
The species is monogamousdissertation on fresh fruits, with pairs remaining together throughout the year. The length of the gestational period has been estimated from as little as four months to as long as seven months. Births occur throughout the year, though the birth rate might fall in the dry season. The calf is mainly kept in hiding and weaning occurs at 2. The habitat consists of dissertation on fresh fruits variety of forests, including old-growthsecondaryand gallery forests.
Forests are preferred as these provide the animal with shelter through the dense understory and forage through the canopy. Though categorized as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources IUCNthe blue duiker is under threat from extensive bushmeat hunting across its range. The scientific name of the blue duiker is Philantomba monticola. It is placed in the genus Philantombaalong with Maxwell's duiker P.
maxwelli and Walter's duiker P. walteriand the family Bovidae. While the generic name Philantomba has no clear origin, the specific name monticola has been derived from the Latin words montis mountain and colo meaning "I cultivate" or "I inhabit"in dissertation on fresh fruits to its montane habitat.
InAnne R. Johnston of the University of Orleans and colleagues constructed a cladogram of the subfamily Cephalophinae duikerthat includes the three genera Dissertation on fresh fruitsPhilantomba and Sylvicaprabased on mitochondrial analysis.
Philantomba was shown to be monophyletic. It is sister to the rest of the subfamilyfrom which it diverged nearly 8. The blue duiker split from Maxwell's duiker 2. Marc Colyn of the University of Rennes 1 and colleagues, who had discovered this species inhad prepared a similar cladogram below that included it.
Maxwell's duiker P. Walter's duiker P. As many as 16 subspecies of the blue duiker have been proposed, dissertation on fresh fruits. InJonathan Kingdon demarcated seven major populations of the species. The blue duiker is a small antelope ; in fact, dissertation on fresh fruits, it is the smallest duiker.
It reaches 32—41 centimetres 13—16 in at the shoulder and weighs nearly 3. anchietae is the largest subspecies. A remarkable feature of the tail is the row of white crinkly hairs on either flank that reflect light efficiently, so that when the animal moves its tail up and down, it looks like a luminous signal in the dark habitat.
The subspecies show a great degree of variation in their coloration. Dissertation on fresh fruits coat can be a shade of blue, grey or brown, and even black.
The grey-legged northern subspecies show a grey to brown coloration, with a posterior stripe that marks a transition from the rump to the buttocks. congicus has a bright grey to black back, with dull grey flanks; a dark brown stripe marks the shift from the black rump to the lighter buttocks. sundevalli is similar, though the difference between the flanks and the rump is less notable. aequatorialis is paler and browner than P.
congicus with a less sharp transition. The stripe is fainter and the back darker in P. lugens can be told apart from its darker coloration; the flanks and the dorsal parts are dark grey to brown, the underside grey and a black rump. The diminutive P. melanorheus stands apart as well, with black dorsal parts, pinkish grey sides, and long thick fur. The southern subspecies, on the other hand, have reddish tan legs and reddish coats. hecki is a light fawn to greyish black with light red flanks and a white underbelly; a change in tone can be observed as the rump is a darker reddish fawn.
The paler P. defriensi is grey in the middle portion of the back, with red to fawn sides, and dark rump and tail. monticolalight grey to fawn with a reddish rump, is darker than P. bicolorthat has reddish-orange flanks. anchietae is a pale dissertation on fresh fruits or brown on the back with white underparts and a black tail; there is a clear transition from the grey sides and anterior parts to the reddish rump.
simpsoni is distinguished by a facial stripe with white ventral parts; the rump is redder than the flanks. However, the latter is nearly twice as large and heavier as the former, with a larger skull. While coloration is more uniform in Maxwell's duiker, the blue duiker shows two different colorations. Another point of difference is the pedal gland in the hooveswhich has a simpler opening in the blue duiker.
The blue duiker is diurnal active during the day. Secretive and cautious, dissertation on fresh fruits, it confines itself to the forest fringes, dissertation on fresh fruits. A female not in oestrus will avoid the male's advances, and may even let out a whistling call. The diet consists of fallen fruits, foliage, flowers and pieces of bark, provided mainly by the forest canopies in their habitat. The blue duiker can sustain itself on dead foliage better than other duiker species.
Fruits were, however, strongly preferred to foliage, dissertation on fresh fruits. Wilson observed 18 stomachs, and concluded that nearly three-fourths were occupied by fruits, browse took 15 percent of the volume, while fungi and flowers took 5 percent each.
Wilson observed that females become mature before 13 months, and the minimum age was found to be eight months. He noted that males take longer to mature, dissertation on fresh fruits, nearly 11 to 14 months, dissertation on fresh fruits.
It is kept in hiding for most of the time. The nursing intervals become irregular towards weaning, which occurs at 2. Males visit their mates occasionally, though they disappear for about a month dissertation on fresh fruits the calf's birth to probably protect the calf.
This species can survive in a variety of forests, including old-growthsecondary and gallery forests. Forests are preferred as these provide the animal with shelter through the dense understory and forage through canopy. This duiker can be found in several countries in the western, southern and eastern parts of Africa: AngolaCameroonCentral African RepublicThe Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, GabonKenyaMalawi, Mozambique, NigeriaRwandaSouth Africa, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
The blue duiker is categorized as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources IUCN. It is listed in Appendix II of CITES Washington Convention. While the population trend is reasonably stable, the blue duiker is threatened by extensive bushmeat hunting across its range.
Wilson claimed that the blue duiker has the greatest economic as well as ecological significance of any African ungulate.
monticola occurs in the following protected areas across its range: Semuliki National Park Uganda ; Dja Faunal Reserve and Lobéké National Park Cameroon ; Dzanga-Sangha Special Reserve and Dzanga-Ndoki National Park Central African Republic ; Monte Alén National Park Equatorial Guinea ; Lopé National Park and Gamba Gabon ; OdzalaNouabalé-Ndoki and Conkouati-Douli National Parks and Lake Tele region Congo-Brazzaville ; the Okapi Wildlife Reserve and MaikoKahuzi-Biéga and Salonga National Parks Congo-Kinshasa ; and numerous others in Southern Africa.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Species of mammal. Conservation status. Least Concern IUCN 3. Thunberg Comparison between the similar species. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. doi : dissertation on fresh fruits In Wilson, D. M eds. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference 3rd ed, dissertation on fresh fruits. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN OCLC Integrated Taxonomic Dissertation on fresh fruits System.
Retrieved 7 March Ultimate Ungulate.
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Get high-quality papers at affordable prices. With Solution Essays, you can get high-quality essays at a lower price. This might seem impossible but with our highly skilled professional writers all your custom essays, book reviews, research papers and other custom tasks you order with us will be of high quality The Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU), established by an Act of Parliament in , has continuously striven to build an inclusive knowledge society through inclusive education Vegetarian foodstuff included wild rice, corn, maple sugar and syrup, pumpkins and squash (fresh or dried for winter), corn silk, dried pumpkin blossoms (used to thicken and give a special flavor to broth), wild potatoes, acorns, milkweed flowers, bulrush root, basswood and aspen sap, sweet substance found under the outer bark of woodpine, and
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